IMMIGRANT   ALIEN.—Any   person   who has  been  lawfully  admitted  into  the  United  States for  permanent  residence  under  an  immigration visa. INACTIVE  DUTY  TRAINING.—Any  train- ing,  instruction,  or  duty,  as  prescribed  by  the Secretary of the Navy, performed by reservists on inactive duty, with or without compensation. For example,   drills   and   approved   correspondence courses  are  part  of  this  training. INACTIVE   STATUS.—The   status   of members  of  the  Standby  Reserve  who  are  offi- cially  placed  on  the  Inactive  Status  List  in  ac- cordance  with  regulations  prescribed  by  the Secretary  of  the  Navy. MARKING.—The  physical  act  of  indicating on classified material the assigned classification, changes   in   classification,   downgrading   and declassification  instructions,  and  any  limitation on  the  use  of  the  classified  information. NATIONAL   SECURITY.—The   national defense  and  foreign  relations  of  the  United  States. NEED TO KNOW.—The necessity for access to,  knowledge  of,  or  possession  of  classified  in- formation  in  order  to  carry  out  official  military or  other  governmental  duties.  NOTE:  Respon- sibility for determining whether a person’s duties require  access  to  classified  information  and  the authorization  to  receive  it  rest  upon  the  possessor of  the  classified  information  and  not  upon  the prospective  recipient. OFFICIAL    INFORMATION.—Information which  is  owned  by,  produced  for  or  by,  or  is subject   to   the   control   of   the   United   States Government. SECURITY.—A   protected   condition   of classified  information  which  prevents  unauthor- ized persons from obtaining information of direct or indirect military value. This condition results from the establishment and maintenance of pro- tective  measures  which  enable  a  state  of  in- violability  from  hostile  acts  or  influence. SECURITY   VIOLATION.—Any   failure   to comply with the regulations relative to the security of  classified  material. TRANSMISSION.—Movement  involving  the actual  transfer  of  custody  and  responsibility  for a document or other classified material from one command  to  another  command  or  other  author- ized addressee. U N I T E D    S T A T E S    A N D    I T S    T E R - RITORIES.—The   50   states;   District   of Columbia;  the  Commonwealth  of  Puerto  Rico; the  Territories  of  Guam,  American  Samoa,  and the  Virgin  Islands;  the  Trust  Territory  of  the Pacific Islands; the Canal Zone; and the Posses- sions,  Midway  and  Wake  Islands. UPGRADE.—TO  determine  that  certain classified information requires, in the interest of national  security,  a  higher  degree  of  protection against  unauthorized  disclosure  than  currently provided,   coupled   with   a   changing   of   the classification  designation  to  reflect  such  higher degree. Classification Designations Official   information   or   material   which   re- quires  protection  in  the  interest  of  national security   must   be   classified   in   one   of   three categories  depending  upon  the  degree  of significance of the material. These categories are: Top  Secret,  Secret,  and  Confidential.  “For  Of- ficial Use Only” (FOUO) markings are not used, to  identify  classified  information.  These  markings (FOUO)  will  be  explained  in  another  section  of this chapter. The next three sections will provide an   explanation   and   examples   of   Top   Secret, Secret,  and  Confidential  material. TOP  SECRET.—Top  Secret  is  the  designa- tion which will be applied only to information in which   the   unauthorized   disclosure   could reasonably   be   expected   to   cause   EXCEP- TIONALLY  GRAVE  DAMAGE  to  the  national security.  Examples  include: 1.  Armed  hostilities  against  the  United  States or its allies. 2.  Disruption  of  foreign  relations  vitally  af- fecting  the  national  security. 3.  The  compromise  of  vital  national  defense plans or complex cryptologic and communications intelligence systems. 4.   The   revelation   of   sensitive   intelligence operations. 2-14