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GLOSSARY-Cont. - 14229_70
BRANCHES  OF  JUDAISM

Religious Program Specialist 3 & 2, Module 01-Personnel Support
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Saul became the first King of Israel about 1000 B.C. Many kings reigned during  the  following  1,000  years.  It  was  during  this  period  that  the  great prophets  lived—Amos,  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and  others.  The  first  temple  was built  in  Jerusalem;  and  Kohanim  (priesthood)  became  very  important.  The priests supervised and conducted the holiest acts of the faith. Around  585  B.  C.,  the  Babylonians  conquered  Israel  and  destroyed  the first temple. It was during this period that the 50 years of Babylonian exile began.  Around  535  B.  C.,  the  Israelites  returned  to  their  own  land,  and  a second temple was built. Around A.D. 70, the Remans destroyed the second temple.  Between  585  B.C.  and  A.  D.  150,  the  following  events  occurred: Alexander  conquered  the  Holy  Land; Jews  reestablished  self-rule  under  the  leadership  of  Maccabe;  and The Remans conquered Palestine and destroyed the temple and much of  Jerusalem. During  the  period  A.D.  150  to  A.D.  500,  the  Talmud  was  compiled.  The Talmud  contains  laws,  prayers,  philosophy,  parables,  and  history.  A  history of much of the Jewish life as it developed during this period is recorded in the 63 books of the Talmud. During this period the Jews had to live without the active  priesthood,  in  a  land  in  which  they  were  not  free,  and  with  great persecution. By A.D. 500, a large number of the Jewish people had taken up residence in   Babylonia,   Egypt,   and   elsewhere   throughout   the   Mediterranean   and Middle  Eastern  world.  By  A.D.  300,  some  Jews  had  established  themselves in  Europe. During  the  Medieval  Period,  A.D.  500  to  a.D.  1800,  the  Israelites  had begun  to  refer  to  themselves  as  Jews  and  to  their  religion  and  culture  as Judaism.  They  were  subjected  to  forced  conversions,  torture,  murder,  and expulsions  during  this  period.  A  few  of  the  worst  persecutions  include: The  Crusaders’  massacre  of  the  Jews  in  1096; The  Spanish  Inquisition; The  expulsion  of  the  Jews  from  Spain  in  1492;  and The  massacres  of  Polish  Jewry  from  1648  to  1656. From  A.D.  1800  to  the  present,  the  Jews  suffered  extreme  hardship. Nearly  one  out  of  every  two  Jews  in  the  world  (five  out  of  seven  Jews  in Europe)  were  systematically  and  brutally  murdered  by  the  Nazis  and  their sympathizers in the 1930s and 1940s. In this same era, a Jewish homeland was   reestablished   in   Israel   in   1948.   Despite   all   the   destructive   forces assaulting the Jewish people, they have continued their 4,000 years of strug- gle to establish a society devoted to justice, love, and peace in the service of 2-43







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